In the past thirty years, processing relative CLAUSES in different languages has had an important role in linguistic and psycholinguistic researches. A common theme in experimental studies has been the comparison of performance on subject and object relative CLAUSES. Moreover, the comparison of verbal abilities in normal and dyslexic children is one of the most important issues in the interdisciplinary field of psycholinguistics. Evidence shows that dyslexic children not only have poor phonological processing, but also show compromised performance in COMPLEX syntactic processing tests as compared with normal children. This study investigated and compared the comprehension of subject-subject (S-S) and subject-object (S-O) relative CLAUSES in children with dyslexia and normal children. The Present study tested the predictions of three hypotheses and one theory including dependence locality theory, structural hypothesis, linear hypothesis and word order difference hypothesis. This study had a cross sectional, descriptive and comparative design. The study population consisted of third to fifth grade elementary students in Kerman in 2017-2018 academic year. Participants were 60 monolingual Persian-speaking students (mean age of 10. 5 years): 30 with developmental dyslexia and 30 normal children. Dyslexic children were selected by availability sampling and normal children were selected by table of random numbers. These students were evaluated by vocabulary pre-test and grammar pre-test. Two pre-tests measured comprehension of words and transitive verbs. In order to evaluate comprehending of two types of relative CLAUSES, a picture-matching test with four alternatives was designed. One of the alternatives was the correct response and the other three contained main clause error (MCE), relative clause error (RCE), and double clause error (DCE). The error category was designed to provide insight into misinterpretations. The first category was MCE where only the subject-verb relation inthe embedded verb was interpreted correctly. The second error category was RCE, where only the subject relation in the main clause was interpreted correctly. The last category was DCE, where both subject-verb relations were erroneously interpreted. The test was designed by considering the viewpoints of experts in the Persian language. After preliminary analysis and eliminating inappropriate items, the final test was designed with eight items, which measured comprehension of S-S and S-O relative CLAUSES. Reliability of this test was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Pearson coefficient of 0. 96 was obtained. The test was conducted to compare each group's performance on each relative clause type. The children were tested in a quiet room individually. They were told to read out a sentence that matched only one of the pictures and their task was to choose the picture that the sentence had described. Preliminary instructions emphasized the importance of looking carefully at all pictures and being accurate rather than fast. Children's responses were scored according to one of the four categories. One was target response and the remaining responses were errors. At the end, data was gathered from two groups and three types of errors were analyzed. Afterwards, data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Chi-squared tests. Results demonstrated significant differences between dyslexic and normal groups in the comprehension of both types of relative CLAUSES (p≤ 0/0001). Dyslexic children performed weaker than normal children in two types of relative CLAUSES, and the percentage of all three types of errors was higher in them. Moreover, children with developmental dyslexia encountered more difficulties in the comprehension of S-O relative CLAUSES, and the percentage of all three types of errors increased in them. Children with developmental dyslexia and normal children fail to comprehend only one part of relative CLAUSES. In S-S and S-O relative CLAUSES, the most common error related to MCE, indicating that children cannot comprehend the relationship between subjects and verbs in main CLAUSES. In both relative CLAUSES, the least common error related to DCE, indicating that children cannot comprehend only one part of the relative clause. The percentage of all errors in S-O relative CLAUSES was higher in both groups. Furthermore, S-O relative CLAUSES were more difficult tocomprehended than S-S relative CLAUSES, which confirmed structural distance hypothesis, dependence locality theory, linear distance hypothesis and word order difference hypothesis. The noted problems may be eliminated with further and earlier training for children with developmental dyslexia. Obtained findings from this study propose that in addition to phonological awareness, the syntactic ability of Persian-speaking dyslexic children needs to be improved. Due to the intrinsic limitation of our behavioral method, it is clear that more investigation, especially brain imagining, is warranted in order to characterize the nature of the deficit in dyslexic children more specifically.

Introduction: Carney COMPLEX is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is defined with different tumors including myxoma in different organs, endocrine tumors and lentiginosis lesions. This is the first case report of this syndrome from Iran.Case: The patient is a 27 year old girl, referred with flank pain. Physical examination revealed hirsutism, truncal obesity, hyperpigmantasion and hypertension; Cushing's syndrome was suggested and confirmed with related classic biochemical tests. She had history of cardiac myxoma during her childhood and had been operated twice.Pituitary microadenoma and right adrenal adenoma were reported on MRI and CT-scan, respectively. Initially laparascopic right adrenalectomy was done; as expected, no remission in signs of Cushing's syndrome was observed after surgery. By laparoscopic adrenalectomy of the other site, Cushing's syndrome resolved. Pathologic report of 1st operation was adrenal adenoma with surrounding pigmented micronodular hyperplasia and of the 2nd one was just pigmented micronodular hyperplasia.Conclusion: We have reported a patient with Carney syndrome along with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and an adenoma in contralateral adrenal and microadenoma of the pituitary as an incidentaloma. This is a new presentation of Carney syndrome.

Scientific researches about the history of Iranian language, especially from the linguistic point of view, can be made by the analysis of all ancient Iranian languages. In the scientific classification of Iranian languages, Khotanese language is included among Middle Eastern Iranian languages, which is less studied and researched in comparison with other ancient Iranian languages, and in terms of language studies, especially the topic of sentence structure it has been abandoned in Middle Eastern Iranian languages. Therefore, the present article examines the most common linguistic category related to the structure of several types of compound sentences in the second chapter of the Zambasta Book. Zambasta Book is one of the important literary works in Khotanese language. This book is an original and native composition that describes the Buddhist teachings of the Mahayana school. Investigations show that in this text, there are three types of sentences: simple, Subordinate Compound, and Coordinate Compound Sentences. In this research, following the previous article entitled "“Subordinate Compound and Coordinate Compound Sentences in Khotanese”, the structure of compound sentences, including adverbial CLAUSES shall be investigated. Also, two other types of structures of compound sentences, known as Adnominal Relative CLAUSES and Participle Adjective CLAUSES are briefly explained. For this purpose, examples of such sentences have been collected from the second chapter of The Zambasta Book.

The Persian morpheme Fa has attracted the attention of many linguists including Karimi (1989), Dabir-Moghaddam (1990) and Ghomeshi (1996) among others. Karimi takes ra as the accusative case marker, the presence of which on subjects and objects of prepositions render the sentence ungrammatical. According to Ghomeshi (1996), it marks DPs functioning as VP-level topics. Dabir- Moghaddam (1990) analyzes Fa as the secondary topic marker in the Halidayian Functional grammar framework. In none of these analyses, this morpheme appears on deep subjects. In this article, it is highlighted that Famay also mark subjects, just in case it occurs in the right grammatical configuration. More specifically Persian has the category of small clause in which an NP marked with ra is the subject of the small clause rathar than object of the matrix sentence. This is an unprecedented hypothesis in Persian linguistic literature. I also present a minimalist account of the construction in question.

This article through studying the adverbial CLAUSES order in Persian intends to show its relation with semantics, discourse, weight and iconicity. To do this, 1343 COMPLEX sentences including six semantic subtypes, i.e. temporal, conditional, causal, purposive, resultive and manner CLAUSES, were selected. Statistical analysis based on corpus data from spoken and written Persian proved that the adverbial CLAUSES exhibit a mixed pattern of pre- and postposing, although they often tend to precede the main clause. It was also shown that three of the four above-mentioned factors, namely semantics, discourse and iconicity influence the position of adverbial CLAUSES. Semantics is the most important of competing forces, to be followed by iconicity which is especially effective on initial CLAUSES. Weight, on the other hand, proved to be of no significance in the sequence of adverbial CLAUSES.

Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has Det N RC word order. Persian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause that is the most common type in the world. The relative clause has a COMPLEX structure which can illustrate the relationship between typology and generative grammar and develop a set of generalization that describes formal grammatical structures. Through a general survey of relative construction, the present study attempts to present the types and patterns of Persian relative CLAUSES through data-based and theory-oriented approaches. This language-internal study also aims to find the range of possibilities which consists of (a) different strategies for the configuration of relative structure (raising analysis: movement of relative head noun from the relativized site to the Spec, CP which is coindexed with trace left behind by movement, or base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which is coindexed with pronoun inside the relative clause), (b) presence of head (headed or head incorporated (free) relatives), hierarchical position of head (externally/internally headed relatives), linear order of head and RC (head-initial/final relatives), types of head (generic, specific, definite or indefinite noun) in restrictive and non-restrictive relatives, (c) position of Det with respect to N and RC, (d) position of relativisation occurance (subject, object, object of preposition… ), (e) presence or absence of resumptive pronoun, that is relative clause underlyingly contains a pronominal which may be filled by a gap, and (f) possibility of embedding relatives within DP.

Typology is a branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history. Linguistic studies have proven that different languages in the world have similarities which called Language Universals. Study of Word Order is one of the most important topics in Typology of language, because of languages are more diverse in this respect, and this diversity is a tool for typological studies. One of these diversities is sequence of Relative Clause and Noun. Topologists have identified two types: Relative Clause – Noun (Rel N) and Noun-Relative Clause (N Rel). In their view, these two sequences correlate with the arrangement of the main constituents of language in particular (verb and object). Consequently, according to their predictions, (N Rel) sequence is predominantly in VO languages, and (Rel N) sequence in OV languages. In the present article, we study relative clause in Persian and Arabic languages in order to clarify what are the characteristics of relative clause in both languages and what are the similarities and differences between them. In addition, the research seeks to study the sequence of noun and relative clause in the light of the views of Topologists. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the sentences are collected from different official texts of both Persian and Arabic languages. Over ten thousand sentences were studied. The findings of the study showed that Persian and Arabic languages follow the dominant global pattern in the sequence of relative clause and noun, meaning that both languages have the sequence (N Rel). In this context, however, the Persian language does not follow the predictions made for the ending verbs or OV languages. While the Arabic language is consistent with the predictions presented for VO languages. Also another result of this study is that the phenomenon of relative clause movement in Persian language is possible but not in Arabic.

In systemic functional typology, which studies the systems of languages rather than the whole languages, linguists strive towards empirical generalizations that in principle apply to all languages around the world. In line with the above-mentioned goal of systemic functional typology and having examined the ideational (logical and experiential), interpersonal, and textual systems of the ‘ clause grammar’ of different and various languages, Matthiessen (2004) has achieved a series of typological generalizations/universals. In connection with his proposed typological generalizations, Matthiessen (2004) has argued that they can be applied in the description of any language and in the attempt to expand the typological explanations in the framework of systemic functional grammar as well. However, he has immediately stated that “ It is not yet possible to propose a generalized map; but we have to move in that direction. ” In line with Matthiessen’ s claim mentioned above, the present paper has attempted to describe ʿ material CLAUSES҆ in Persian within the system of PROCESS TYPE. This research has been conducted in terms of the following typological parameters concerning material CLAUSES: (1) the number of participants involved in a material process clause (2) strategies for bringing in extra participants (3) the nature of Actor, (4) case marking, and (5) strategies for construing the transfer of possession and dispossession. Studying typological behaviors of Persian ʿ material CLAUSES҆ in the framework of Matthiessen (2004)’ s typological generalizations shows that in Persian (1) as in English, beside the two inherent participants of Actor and Goal, other participants, i. e. Recipient/Client, Initiator, Scope, and Attribute, are involved in the realization of the material process, (2) as in English but unlike languages such as German and Japanese, the inherent participant of Actor is widespread, (3) each of the above-mentioned extra participants is somehow added to a material clause. For instance, the Initiator is added to a material clause via causativization, (4) as in German, the case marking of material participants is fairly straightforward, and (5) as in English, the transfer of possession is construed differently from the dispossession. These results indicate that all Matthiessen (2004)’ s generalizations concerning material CLAUSES can be utilized in the description of Persian material CLAUSES. In the end, it is suggested that the typological behaviors of the material CLAUSES of other languages spoken in Iran be identified and introduced in the aforementioned framework.